Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35)

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)

   • Equality before law and equal protection of laws (Article 14)

   • Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth (Article 15)

   • Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16)

   • Abolition of untouchability (Article 17)

   • Abolition of titles (Article 18)

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)

   • Freedom of speech and expression (Article 19)

   • Freedom to assemble peacefully (Article 19)

   • Freedom to form associations/unions (Article 19)

   • Freedom to move freely throughout India (Article 19)

   • Freedom to reside and settle anywhere in India (Article 19)

   • Freedom to practice any profession or carry on trade/business (Article 19)

   • Protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20)

   • Protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21)

   • Right to education (Article 21-A)

   • Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases (Article 22)

3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)

   • Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour (Article 23)

   • Prohibition of employment of children in factories and hazardous conditions (Article 24)

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)

   • Freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion (Article 25)

   • Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26)

   • Freedom from paying taxes for promotion of any religion (Article 27)

   • Freedom from attending religious instruction in educational institutions maintained by the State (Article 28)

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)

   • Protection of language, script, and culture of minorities (Article 29)

   • Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30)

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

   • Right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

   • Described by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the “Heart and Soul of the Constitution.”

Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

Citizens are expected to:

1. Abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.

2. Cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the freedom struggle.

3. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.

4. Defend the country and render national service when called upon.

5. Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood, transcending religious, linguistic, regional, or sectional diversities.

6. Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

7. Protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife, and show compassion for living creatures.

8. Develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

9. Safeguard public property and abjure violence.

10. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.

11. (Added by 86th Constitutional Amendment, 2002) – Provide opportunities for education to children between 6–14 years and ensure their education.